Okpomọkụ ọ na-emetụta ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ ọkụ?

Eletrikiconductivityguzo ka aisi okena physics, kemistri na injinia ọgbara ọhụrụ, na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ofe mpaghara dị iche iche,site n'ichepụta oke dị elu ruo na microelectronics ultra-kpọmkwem. Mkpa ya dị mkpa sitere na njikọ ya na arụmọrụ, arụmọrụ, na ntụkwasị obi nke sistemu eletriki na ọkụ na-enweghị atụ.

Ngosipụta a zuru oke na-eje ozi dịka ntụzịaka zuru oke maka ịghọta mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiticonductivity eletriki (σ), conductivity thermal(κ), na okpomọkụ (T). Ọzọkwa, anyị ga-enyocha n'usoro omume omume conductivity nke klaasị ihe dị iche iche, sitere na ndị na-eduzi ndị nkịtị ruo na semiconductor pụrụ iche na insulators, dị ka ọlaọcha, ọla edo, ọla kọpa, ígwè, ngwọta na roba, nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ọmụma usoro ihe ọmụma na ngwa mmepụta ihe n'ezie.

Mgbe agụchara nke a, ị ga-enwe nghọta siri ike, nke nwere nghọtankenkenjikọ nke okpomọkụ, conductivity, na okpomọkụ.

Tebulu ọdịnaya:

1. Okpomọkụ ọ na-emetụta conductivity eletrik?

2. Okpomọkụ ọ na-emetụta conductivity thermal?

3. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ ọkụ

4. Conductivity vs chloride: isi iche

I. Okpomọkụ ọ na-emetụta conductivity eletrik?

Ajụjụ a, "Okpomọkụ ọ na-emetụta conductivity?" a zara nke ọma: Ee.Okpomọkụ na-egosipụta mmetụta dị oke egwu, dabere n'ihe na ma eletrọnịkị na ihe ọkụ ọkụ.N'ime ngwa injinia dị oke egwu site na nnyefe ike gaa na ọrụ mmetụta, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na omume na-ekpebi ịrụ ọrụ akụrụngwa, oke arụmọrụ, yana nchekwa ọrụ.

Kedu ka okpomọkụ si emetụta conductivity?

Okpomọkụ na-agbanwe conductivity site n'ịgbanweotú mfendị na-ebu ụgwọ, dị ka eletrọn ma ọ bụ ion, ma ọ bụ ikpo ọkụ na-aga n'ime ihe. Mmetụta dị iche iche maka ụdị ihe ọ bụla. Nke a bụ kpọmkwem ka ọ si arụ ọrụ, dịka akọwara nke ọma:

1.Ọla: conductivity na-ebelata na ịrị elu okpomọkụ

Ọla niile na-eme site na electrons efu nke na-eru n'ụzọ dị mfe na okpomọkụ nkịtị. Mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ, atom metal na-ama jijiji karịa. Mgbaji ndị a na-eme dị ka ihe mgbochi, na-achụsasị electrons ma na-ebelata ọsọ ha.

Kpọmkwem, eletrọnịkị na ikuku ọkụ na-ada nwayọ ka okpomọkụ na-ebili. Na nso okpomọkụ ụlọ, conductivity na-adakarị~ 0.4% kwa 1 Celsius C ịrị elu.Na ntule ndịiche,mgbe okpomọkụ 80 Celsius C na-abawanye,ọla ida25-30%nke mbụ conductivity ha.

A na-etinye ụkpụrụ a n'ọtụtụ ebe na nhazi ụlọ ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebelata ikike dị ugbu a na wiring na nkwụsịtụ okpomọkụ dị na sistemu jụrụ oyi.

2. Na Semiconductors: conductivity na-abawanye na okpomọkụ

Semiconductors na-amalite site na eletrọn kechiri nke ọma na nhazi ihe. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị ala, ole na ole nwere ike ịkwaga iji buo ugbu a.Ka okpomọkụ na-ebili, okpomọkụ na-enye eletrọn ike zuru oke iji mebie ma na-asọba. Ka ọ na-ekpo ọkụ, ka ndị na-ebu ụgwọ na-adịwanye,nke ukwuu boosting conductivity.

N'okwu ndị ọzọ nwere nghọta, conductivity na-ebili nke ọma, na-emekarị okpukpu abụọ kwa 10-15 Celsius n'ogo a na-ahụkarị.Nke a na-enyere aka ịrụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ na-agafeghị oke mana ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ekpo ọkụ (oke ntapu), dịka ọmụmaatụ, kọmputa nwere ike ịdaba ma ọ bụrụ na mgbawa nke ejiri semiconductor na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ.

3. Na Electrolytes (Liquids ma ọ bụ Gels na Batrị): conductivity na-eme ka okpomọkụ dịkwuo mma

Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-eche ka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ si emetụta ngwọta eletriki eletrik, ebe a bụ akụkụ a. Electrolytes na-eme ka ion na-aga site na ngwọta, ebe oyi na-eme ka mmiri mmiri dị arọ ma dị nwayọọ, na-eme ka ion ahụ na-aga ngwa ngwa. Tinyere ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-ebili, mmiri mmiri na-enweta obere viscous, ya mere ions na-agbasa ngwa ngwa ma na-ebu ụgwọ ahụ nke ọma.

N'ihe niile, conductivity na-abawanye site na 2-3% kwa 1 Celsius C mgbe ihe niile na-enweta njedebe ya. Mgbe okpomọkụ na-ebili site na 40 Celsius C, conductivity na-agbada site na ~ 30%.

Ị nwere ike ịchọpụta ụkpụrụ a na ụwa n'ezie, dị ka sistemu dị ka batrị na-ebu ngwa ngwa na ikpo ọkụ, mana ihe ize ndụ mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ọkụ.

II. Okpomọkụ ọ na-emetụta conductivity thermal?

Conductivity nke thermal, ihe nleba anya ka ọkụ si esi na ihe na-aga n'ụzọ dị mfe, na-ebelata ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị siri ike, n'agbanyeghị na omume ahụ dịgasị iche dabere na nhazi ihe ahụ na ụzọ e si ebu okpomọkụ.

N'ọla, okpomọkụ na-esi na electrons efu na-asọpụta. Ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, atom na-ama jijiji nke ukwuu, na-achụsasị electrons ndị a ma na-akpaghasị ụzọ ha, nke na-ebelata ike ihe onwunwe iji nyefee okpomọkụ nke ọma.

N'ime ihe mkpuchi kristal, okpomọkụ na-aga site na ịma jijiji atọm mara dị ka phonons. Okpomọkụ dị elu na-eme ka ịma jijiji ndị a na-esiwanye ike, na-eduga na nkukota ugboro ugboro n'etiti atọm na ọdịda doro anya na conductivity thermal.

Na gas, Otú ọ dị, ihe dị iche na-eme. Ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, ụmụ irighiri ihe na-aga ngwa ngwa ma na-agbakọ ugboro ugboro, na-ebufe ike n'etiti ọgụ nke ọma karị; ya mere, thermal conductivity na-abawanye.

Na polymers na mmiri mmiri, ntakịrị mmụba na-adịkarị na ịrị elu okpomọkụ. Ọnọdụ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka agbụ molekụla na-agagharị n'efu ma belata viscosity, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ikpo ọkụ na-agafe ihe.

III. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọkụ eletrik na thermal conductivity

Enwere njikọ dị n'etiti conductivity thermal na eletriki eletrik? Ị nwere ike na-eche banyere ajụjụ a. N'ezie, enwere njikọ siri ike n'etiti ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ ọkụ, mana njikọ a nwere ezi uche maka ụfọdụ ụdị ihe, dị ka ọla.

1. Mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ ọkụ

Maka ọla dị ọcha (dị ka ọla kọpa, ọlaọcha na ọla edo), iwu dị mfe na-emetụta:Ọ bụrụ na ihe dị mma na-eduzi ọkụ eletrik, ọ dịkwa mma na-eduzi okpomọkụ.Ụkpụrụ a na-aga n'ihu na-adabere n'ihe na-emekọrịta ihe na eletrọn.

Na ọla, ma ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ: electrons efu. Nke a bụ ya mere nnukwu ọkụ eletrik na-eduga n'ịdị elu thermal conductivity na ụfọdụ.

Makankeeletrikieruba,mgbe a na-etinye voltaji, ndị electron ndị a n'efu na-aga n'otu ụzọ, na-ebu ụgwọ eletrik.

Mgbe ọ bịarankeikpo ọkụeruba, Otu njedebe nke ígwè na-ekpo ọkụ na nke ọzọ bụ oyi, na ndị a otu free electrons na-aga ngwa ngwa na-ekpo ọkụ na mpaghara na-akụda n'ime nwayọọ nwayọọ electrons, ngwa ngwa na-ebufe ike (okpomọkụ) na mpaghara oyi.

Usoro a na-ekekọrịta pụtara na ọ bụrụ na ígwè nwere ọtụtụ electrons mkpanaaka nke ukwuu (na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo onye na-eduzi ọkụ eletrik), ndị electrons na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka "ndị na-ebu ọkụ," nke na-akọwa ya nke ọma.nkeWiedemann-FranzIwu.

2. Mmekọrịta adịghị ike n'etiti ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ ọkụ

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọkụ eletrik na ọkụ ọkụ na-ada mbà na ihe ndị a na-ebu ụgwọ na okpomọkụ site na usoro dị iche iche.

IV. Conductivity vs chloride: isi iche

Ọ bụ ezie na ma conductivity eletriki na ntinye chloride bụ ihe dị mkpa n'imenyocha ogo mmiri, ha tụrụ fundamentally dị iche iche Njirimara.

Omume omume

Nrụpụta bụ ihe nleba anya nke ike ngwọta nwere ike ibunye ọkụ eletrik. It tụrụ nkemkpokọta mkpokọta ion agbazerena mmiri, nke na-agụnye ion (cations) na ebubo na-ezighị ezi (anions).

ion niile, dị ka chloride (Cl^-sodium (Na⁺calcium (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate, na sulfate, na-enye aka na mkpokọta conductivity magbadoro na microSiemens kwa centimita (µS/cm) ma ọ bụ milliSiemens kwa centimita (mS/cm).

Omume bụ ngwa ngwa, ihe ngosi n'ozuzunkeMkpokọtaAgbazere siri ike(TDS) na n'ozuzu mmiri ịdị ọcha ma ọ bụ salinity.

 Ntinye chloride (Cl^-)

Ntinye uche chloride bụ ihe nleba anya nke naanị anion chloride dị na ngwọta.Ọ tụrụ naoke nke naanị ion chloride(Cl^-) dị ugbu a, na-esitekarị na nnu dị ka sodium chloride (NaCl) ma ọ bụ calcium chloride (CaCl).₂).

A na-eme nha a site na iji ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka titration (dịka, usoro Argentometric) ma ọ bụ ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)na milligrams kwa lita (mg/L) ma ọ bụ akụkụ kwa nde (ppm).

Ọkwa chloride dị oke mkpa maka ịlele ikike nke corrosion na sistemu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (dị ka igwe ọkụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ dị jụụ) yana maka nyochaa ntinye nnu n'ime mmiri ọñụñụ.

Na nkenke, chloride na-atụnye ụtụ na conductivity, ma conductivity abụghị kpọmkwem chloride.Ọ bụrụ na mkpokọta chloride na-abawanye, mkpokọta conductivity ga-abawanye.Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ngụkọta conductivity na-abawanye, ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba nke chloride, sulfate, sodium, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta ọ bụla nke ion ndị ọzọ.

Ya mere, conductivity na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ nyocha bara uru (dịka, ọ bụrụ na conductivity dị ala, chloride nwere ike dị ala), mana iji nyochaa chloride kpọmkwem maka corrosion ma ọ bụ nhazi usoro, a ga-eji ule kemịkalụ ezubere iche.